Ciganos: o 'Povo Livre'

Enfants tziganes, foto de Kertész Andor, captada a 27 de Junho de 1917 na pequena cidade húngara de Esztergom.


Notas adicionais:

Esztergom é uma pequena cidade no norte da Hungria, cerca de 50 km a noroeste de Budapeste. Está localizada no condado de Komárom-Esztergom, na margem direita do Danúbio, rio que constitui, naquele trecho, a fronteira com a Eslováquia.
Foi a capital da Hungria do século X ao XIII, e ainda é a sede do primaz da Igreja Católica no país. Sua catedral, a Basílica de Esztergom, é a maior da Hungria.
A ponte Mária Valéria, sobre o Danúbio, leva à cidade de Štúrovo na Eslováquia e é um dos mais mais recentes acréscimos à paisagem do local. Originalmente construída em 1895, foi destruída pelas tropas alemãs em retirada, em 1944, e foi então reconstruída em 2001, com apoio da União Européia.


Tzigane is a rhapsodic composition by the French composer Maurice Ravel. It was commissioned by and dedicated to Hungarian violinist Jelly d'Arányi, great-niece of the influential violin virtuoso Joseph Joachim. The original instrumentation was for violin with accompaniment by luthéal. The first performance took place in London on April 26, 1924 with the dedicatee on violin and with Henri Gil-Marchex at the luthéal.
The luthéal was, in Ravel's day, a comparatively new piano-like instrument that had several tone-colour (not exclusively "pitch")registers that could be engaged by pulling stops above the keyboard. One of these registers had a cimbalom-like sound, which fitted well with the gypsy-esque idea of the composition. The printed version of the original score of the Tzigane piece contained instructions for these register-changes during execution. The luthéal, however, never really made it as a fashionable music instrument. By the end of the 20th century the first print of the accompaniment with luthéal was still available at the publishers, but by that time thechamber music version of the piece relied on the piano as accompanying instrument. In this sense Tzigane is comparable to Schubert's Arpeggione Sonata: that piece was also written in order to promote an uncommon instrument, and when the composition proved more popular than the instrument a few years later, execution shifted to a more common instrument (cello in Schubert's case).
Later versions replaced the luthéal by piano or orchestra. The first performance of the orchestral version took place on November 30, 1924 in Paris with the Concerts Colonne under the direction of Gabriel Pierné. The first performance of the version with piano was by Robert Soetens in 1925.[1]
The name of the piece is derived from the generic European term for "gypsy" (in French: gitan, tsigane or tzigane rather than the Hungarian cigány) although it does not use any authentic Gypsy melodies. Note that in Ravel's days in Paris gypsy/gitan/tsigane/tzigane did not so much refer to the Roma (Gypsy) people in any strict sense: the "gypsy" style of the work was rather a kind of popular musical exoticism, comparable to the Spanish exoticism in Ravel's day (compare Emmanuel Chabrier's España), or the Janissary exoticism in Mozart's day (Rondo alla Turca).
The composition is in one movement, with an approximate duration of ten minutes. Though the composer is almost universally regarded as following a mainly Impressionist idiom, Tzigane clearly demonstrates Ravel's ability to imitate the (late) Romantic style of violin showmanship promoted by such composer-virtuosi as Paganini and Sarasate.

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